The National Treasure Artist Hà Thị Cầu (VietnamNet, 7/18/2012) and her self-made đàn nhị "two-string fiddler."

• Xẩm artists believe that hát xẩm was invented by Prince Trần Quốc Đĩnh in the XIVth Century. He was blinded by his brother and left to die in the forest. He made the first đàn xẩm (đàn song, or đàn bầu "monochord"), composed songs and performed to make a living...
• The current first reference of the term "xẩm," and its meaning (special thanks to The Etymology Group):
        xẩm, lat. "cæcus [blind], dicitur cum contemptu", p. 881
        rŏan xẩm, lat. "cæcorum adunatio [blind beggar band, phường xẩm]", p. 881
        đàn cò ke, lat. "lyra ruſtica mendici [rustic lyre of the beggars, đàn nhị]", p. 125 & p. 353
        (cf. Alexandro de Rhodes, Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, Romæ 1651, original copy at the Vatican Apostolic Library, RACC GEN CHIGI IV 01247, 16x22cm).
  
• The current first reference of Nôm ideogram 眈 xẩm and its contexts:
        眈眜 xẩm mắt, lat. "oculorum axiem perſeringere; Oculis caliginem effundere," p. 648
        弦𪂮稽 đờn cò ke, lat. "lyra ruſtica mendici," p. 69
        (cf. Pierre Pigneaux de Béhaine, Dictionarium annamitico-latinum, Bibliothèque nationale. Manuscrit 1772.).
• Xẩm is written in Nôm as 深, 眈, 目審, *嬸, 亻審, or 審⺀, etc. found mostly in foreign sources.
• Xẩm artists today are scattered in the lower Red River Delta of north Vietnam, Quảng Ninh, Huế, and Hồ Chí Minh City.
• There are 27 xẩm song lyrics found in Văn đàn bảo giám "Primer Literary Collection", by Trần Trung Viên, (1926) and 186 xẩm song lyrics in Tìm hiểu về Nghệ thuật Hát Xẩm by Trần Việt Ngữ (2017).
• Trần Việt Ngữ (2017) listed 7 xẩm chính tông "authentic Xẩm melodic instrumentals" (82 songs), and 9 borrowed melodic instrumental styles (40 songs), stories (35 songs) and 40 songs from poems of famous authors.
• Giạt nước cánh bèo "Like a fern flower petal in the angry stream", DVD by the National Academy of Music, 1998 (listen to audios listed on the right column)
  
   

Famous Xẩm songs:
 Chuyện thập ân "Ten life graces of parents",  CD Xẩm Chợ posted Apr 3, 2016 [17'34"]
 Dứa dai không gai "Screw pines are thornless",  posted by Hát Xẩm, Jun 8, 2016 [3'45"]

9 Xẩm Songs by the National Outstanding Artist Hà Thị Cầu (1928–March 3, 2013), by the Vietnam Academy of Music (1998):
 Giạt nước cánh bèo "Like a fern flower petal in the angry stream"
Dâu lưởi "Lazy daughter-in-law"
Anh Khoá "Seeing scholar off on a steam boat"
Thuốc Phiện "Drugs"
Đêm Rằm "On a full moonlit night"
Kim la "The Kim la potion"
Ngược Đời "The world goes upside down"
Nhời này "Lover, listen to this word of mine"
 Ai về thăm huyện Yên Mô "For those who visit my hometown Yên Mô"

 

 

Gustave Emile Dumoutier notes
in Les chants et les traditions populaires des Annamites: Recueillis et traduits, Paris: Ernest Leroux, Éditeur (1890: pp. xiii-xiv):

“One encounters in the streets the traveling singers, who are always blind, and are called thằng xẩm, or con xẩm. They got together in three or four in the way which forms an orchestra and sing together, with their own accompaniment, an orchestra of the blind is composed of special instruments, among them cái đàn bầu, which is a guitar with one single string stretched by an arc pole over a resonant box in a long rectangular shape; a cái sinh, a piece of wood over which one beats the cadence; a drum (trống giáng); the castanets of particular shape (cái cập kè) and a small tympan of copper which one holds with the big toe (cái thanh la).

The singing of the blind is generally rapid and stirring, and the accompaniment lively and very rhythmic.

There are fake blinds, it is a profession like the other; when they find one blind in a poor family, the entire family emulates the blindness and forms a concert of the blinds.

The airs [melodies] are transmitted most usually between the Annamites from one individual to the other, the mode of music notation is very imperfect; there exist only pieces of instrumental music.”